Costco case Analysis Essay

1. What is Costcos plan of action? Is the companys plan of action engaging? Why or why not? Costcos plan of action is centered around creating high deals volumes and quick stock turnover by offering individuals low costs on a constrained determination of national name marks and select private-name items in a wide range assortment. Costco is engaged in minimal effort methodology is focused on a tight purchase portion and out contending rivals by having lower costs, along these lines being capable serve a specialty customers at a lower cost. (Bet, John and Thompson, Arthur (2009). Costcos plan of action is engaging in light of the fact that they can constantly offer to a specialty showcase. This specialty advertise has yearly salary which ranges from $75,000 to $100,000 or progressively a year. By offering the most ideal items at lower value, they can have these individuals return. By and by there are 47,679,000 card holders which incorporate Executive individuals, Business part, Primary cardholders and Add-on cardholders. Though Costco has offered the most well known items s o as to have a fast turn-over. Costco has demonstrated that there business system has worked by persistently creating higher net deal. 2. What are the central components of Costcos procedure? How great is the system? Technique is the associations pre chosen that way to accomplish its objectives or goals, while keeping in see current and future outside conditions. Costcos strategys components are low costs, restricted product offerings and choice and fortune chase shopping condition. Costcos is following cost authority system which is acceptable in light of the fact that on this base they can contend with their rivals. By constrained product offerings and restricted choice they are offering constrained 4000 things which are less when contrasted with its rivals. Costcos is received market improvement technique by catching new markets for existing items. Additionally it gives such item at low costs to its individuals which they accept won't be accessible in following visit. This fills in as a motivating force and individuals attempt to exploit and subsequently Costcos deals volume increments. At Costcos distribution center items are not offered in each size. The technique they followed is that by of fering each size their proficiency will diminish subsequently it is said astute loss of deals. 3. Do you think Jim Sinegal has been a powerful CEO? What evaluations would you give him in driving the way toward making and executing Costcos procedure? What backing would you be able to offer for these grades? Allude to figure 2.1 in Chapter in building up your answers. Jim Sinegal is a successful CEO after experienced the contextual investigation. There are different reasons which show that Mr. Jim Sinegal was dependable to lead the way of system viably. To start with, Jim Sinegal had made a straightforward and very much characterized arranged way for the Costco to follow. He was the main individual in the organization for the planning of plan of action and increased in value over the development of the procedure of the organization. He had know how aptitudes and made a situation to offer fortune chase in the stores and keep up low costs and aides in advancing enormous volume of store traffic that helped in building brisk turnover of stock. He was answerable for driving the capacity of the organization to accomplish yearly deals almost to $130 million for every store. As indicated by the contextual analysis Sinegal had performed astounding employment in the execution of the methodology procedure at Costco. He performed three capacities in the organization as maker, learned pundit and executive. He went to stores for examination for looking at the exhibition of senior supervisors and posed different inquiries from them, about the presentation of stores and instructed them to accomplish more work on their powerless territories. For this situation, when Sinegal discovered solutions to his inquiries not exactly expected than he advised senior supervisors to accomplish more examination and return with adequate data. 4. What fundamental beliefs or business standard has Jim Sinegal worried at Costco? The primary business standard action of Costco is to give high an incentive to clients by offering worldwide and nearby label items at low costs, additionally it coordinates its representatives in a pleasantly way. Jim Sinegal needed to state that these two head exercises reflected in workplace of Costco which makes them gainful all through the world when contrasted with other ordinary wholesalers and merchandisers. 5. (in the occasion you have secured Chapter 3) What is rivalry like in the North America discount club industry? Which of the five serious powers is most grounded and why? Utilize the data in Figures 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8 (and the related conversations in Chapter 3) to do a total five-powers examination of rivalry in the North American discount club industry. The discount club industry has developed into a typical oligopoly similarly as other significant ventures have. The Å"big three  of this industry are Costco, Sams Club, and BJs. A five powers investigation will be analyzed with respect to the discount club industry. Power one, boundaries to section; the three companies are at a bit of leeway in light of the trouble of new firms entering the business. They achieve economies of scale and extension because of the size and volume of their deals by purchasing and selling more products for a bigger scope with lower costs. It would require some investment for another participant to accomplish the advantages of economies of scale. The capital necessities are enormous because of the development of structures and securing of land and licenses. Just organizations with a built up circulation system would have a reasonable possibility of entering the business. Power two, the danger of substitutes, isn't a factor in light of the fact that the administration they offer isn't offered by other outside contenders. Power three, the dealing intensity of purchasers, is the most grounded power working in the kindness of the business. This is so on the grounds that purchasers can't arrange the cost. The primary explanation clients come to discount clubs is they are pulled in by the effectively low costs and benefit of purchasing in mass. Power four, the dealing intensity of providers could become possibly the most important factor if an increasingly good open door introduces itself in the general retail industry. Discount clubs offer just a level of the items that a general retailer does. A key technique of Costco is pointed solidly at selling top-quality product at costs reliably underneath what different wholesalers or retailers char ge. Power fifth, contention among existing players, is anything but a main consideration. Costco, the runaway head by and by, offers the Å"treasure hunt  bargains where outrageous deals are offered for short, unannounced timeframes. This makes buzz among clients by tempting them to return consistently to investigate what Å"treasures  are accessible. BJs separates itself by being the main club among the three to acknowledge producers coupons. They likewise are the main club to acknowledge every one of the four significant Visas, MasterCard, Visa, Discover, and American Express, at all areas. They likewise offer a more extensive combination of things when contrasted with Sams and Costco. 6. Base on the information on the off chance that Exhibits 1 and 4, is Costcos money related execution better than that at Sams Club and BJs discount? 7. Does the information on the off chance that Exhibit 2 show that Costcos extension outside the U.S. is monetarily fruitful? Why or why not? 8. How well is Costco performing from a vital viewpoint? Does Costco appreciate an upper hand over Sams Club? Over BJS Whole deal? Provided that this is true, what is the idea of its upper hand? Does Costco have a triumphant procedure? Why or why not? Costco has been playing fruitful in the wholesaling business as it very well may be seen from its business procedures. As a matter of first importance, to help the Costcos plan of action of creating high deals volumes and fast stock turnover, Costco individuals are given a constrained choice of broadly marked and select private name items in a wide scope of product classes. At that point Costco consolidate its fast stock turnover with the working efficiencies to maintain the business gainfully at critical lower net edges than conventional wholesales, mass merchandisers, stores and supercenters. Therefore, Costco takes points of interest of its high deals volume and fast stock turnover to acquire the advantages of early installment limits from stock merchants because of the high deals volume and quick stock turnover permit Costco to create enough money in account. Furthermore, the valuing procedure of Costco is key variables to help the low value business methodology which is to top the edges on marked name stock at 14 percent so its individuals can purchase with low cost. Thirdly, Costco center to offer restricted determination that is around 4000 things with quick selling models, sizes and hues, and focus on the private ventures for its business and expert models selling. Moreover, publicizing and deals battles are not being utilized regularly by Costco for the promoting methodology and the organization just dispatches crusades for new distribution center openings. Moreover, Costco likewise utilize standard mail to forthcoming new individuals at times and post office based mail programs elevating chosen product to individuals consistently. Opening all the more new stockrooms, constructing an ever bigger and wildly faithful participation base and utilizing first rate promoting procedures to urge individuals to shopping all the more as often as possible with enormous excursion are the primary focal development methodology of Costco. Besides, web based shopping is another elective that Costco offered to individuals in order to make their shopping more helpful instead of change to contenders. Likewise, Majority of product is claimed by Costco, and the organization additionally fabricates direct purchasing associations with numerous makers of national brand name product and makers and this outcome in the accessible of adaptable options of providers for Costco in whenever to have adequate of supplied stock. Too

History of education Essay

Tamil Nadu is respected to be one of India’s star entertainers in the division of basic training. The aftereffects of the 2001 Census show that Tamil Nadu has accomplished third situation behind Kerala and Maharashtra both as far as by and large and female education. It recorded near 100 percent net enrolment proportion (GER) at essential and upper essential levels dependent on 2007 assessments. A significant authoritative exertion for the universalisation of training in accordance with the protected command has been the presentation of the Tamil Nadu Compulsory Education Act, 1994. Under this Act it is the obligation of the legislature to give the vital framework (schools and instructors) for guaranteeing universalisation of basic training. Guardians are additionally at risk to be fined on the off chance that they don't send their wards to class, however this standard isn't carefully implemented as the majority of the youngsters not going to class originate from poor foundations. Tamil Nadu’s high enrolment insights are additionally the consequence of the quantity of government assistance conspires that the State government has presented in the basic training part. The huge number of evangelist and non-public schools are likewise assuming a job in the spread of training. The legislature gives reading material, garbs and early afternoon suppers to the understudies making it a State where the per youngster spending is a lot higher than in instructively in reverse States, for example, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and others and is higher than the all-India normal. The State is making an undertaking to give elementary schools inside a one km span of human homes with a populace of 300 or more to expand their openness. It is likewise a State that has really burned through the vast majority of the assets distributed to it by the Center under the SSA conspire, rather than States like UP, Bihar and Assam that have gigantic unspent sums. Tamil Nadu understudies stood first in the nation in arithmetic, language and perusing understanding abilities as indicated by the national mid-term accomplishment overview of Class III kids authorized by the NCERT in a joint effort with the MHRD and the SCERT and SSA wings of the States as of late. However, it has become exposed that neighborhood bodies like organizations and regions are not completely using cash gathered as instruction charge as a level of property charge under the Tamil Nadu Elementary Education Act and this is influencing the quality and amount of formal training arrangement at the grassroots level. While the general education rate in Tamil Nadu according to 2001 information is 73. 5%, wide variations exist across locale, sex, and zone of habitation just as social gathering. The proficiency pace of the SC and ST populaces are reliably lower in all the regions. The consistency standard inside and after the elementary school level is additionally not exceptionally noteworthy and there is a high level of repeaters. This is especially so on account of the STs and SCs. It is to beaten this error between training offered in various types of schools, among rustic and urban schools and to defeat different various ills that have crawled into the training systemâ€such as discretionary assortment of charges, enlistment of every day pursued, insufficiently qualified para educators, repetition learning, assessment stress, issues identified with the mechanism of guidance thus onâ€that the State government established the Muthukumaran Committee, which presented its report in 2007. This advisory group had the command to work out a system of a uniform example of training in Tamil Nadu and to make suggestions for improving its quality. The report of the Committee suggests just a single self-governing board, The Tamil Nadu State Secondary School Education Board, rather than the current four State level boardsâ€Matriculation, Anglo-Indian, Oriental and State Board. Schools going under this incorporated Board would follow a typical prospectus guaranteeing an impartial school instruction in the State not meeting any undue points of interest as to entrance into higher instructive foundations for understudies finishing their school training from one specific Board. Evenhanded standard training is to be given by a Common School or Neighborhood School framework, which with uniform prospectuses would help to ‘decommercialise’ instructive establishments and shut down numerous a private administration that doesn't feel adequately responsible to society in this critical segment. The spiraling expense of training beginning at the nursery level is solidifying position class and provincial urban divisions. A typical educational system utilizing the native language as a vehicle of guidance would make equivalent training available to all without separation. A typical educational system likewise implies a typical assessment design. The report of the Committee advocates a sensible educator understudy proportion of not more than 1:30 and getting rid of flawed reading material and an arrangement of repetition learning. It accentuates the advancement of investigative and discerning aptitudes that would prepare the understudies to learn without anyone else; a testing and assessment design that includes the utilization of ideas adapted instead of insignificant multiplication of realities. The school schedule ought not over-burden understudies with data however rather arouse their enthusiasm for the subject and show them how to look for more data and conceptualize it. Conventional information ought to be joined and made piece of school training. Assessment should be complete and not simply of scholastic accomplishments, and that too just checks based. Assessment ought to incorporate an appraisal of understudy capacities and execution in scholastics, expressions of the human experience, sports and games, values, understanding propensities, character, direct and other extra-curricular exercises. Schools ought lay accentuation on scholarly subjects as well as on moral instruction. Here the Committee proposes that it might be smarter to have an advancement book with sections produced using time to time and furthermore intermittently sent to the guardians so they might be gained mindful of their child’s ground. Standard conference with guardians about their wards’ progress and accomplishments and instructive objectives is an absolute necessity. A piece of paper containing marks acquired in open tests isn't sufficient to comprehend a student’s advancement and potential. On the off chance that the imprints got in just a single test will choose the person’s induction into an establishment of higher learning then all pressure is on planning for this test disregarding different tests and exercises. The possibility or compulsion to enjoy misbehaviors is additionally high. Imprints got in a one-time test additionally are no precise impression of the student’s genuine information and accomplishment level and potential. Regarding tests and stamps as more significant than life itself has implied the demise of numerous an understudy. At last, kids having a place with semantic minorities ought to be permitted to pick up guidance in their particular first language, while all understudies in measures 5 or 8 should have a particular degree of information in Tamil and English so these dialects can be utilized for correspondence. No understudy ought to be dropped and he/she ought to be permitted to develop in the picked field of intrigue and as per their individual ability. A basic pass or fall flat ought to positively not be a central factor in a person’s life. While the administration has acknowledged the idea of one board for school instruction other significant suggestions of the Muthukumaran Committee on training changes are being sidelined by the State government. Truth be told, some administration run schools are changing the mechanism of guidance to English and not all schools show Tamil, however this is obligatory according to current State instruction law. In addition, schools with an eye on the outcomes in board tests and focusing on future rewarding vocation opportunities for their understudies are presenting current European dialects like French (German is holding on to be presented for a bigger scope on the school level) that are as far as anyone knows high scoring subjects in contrast with Tamil, which apparently is troublesome even by those whose native language it is. There is wherever a mass migration from government run schools to supported or non-public schools in view of the apparent better quality and the bait of English medium instruction, which is respected by guardians to be fundamental in today’s world. It is to stay reasonable and not miss out in this opposition for understudies that administration run schools are progressively offering English medium guidance additionally, in spite of the fact that the English medium segments are allowed uniquely on a self-financing premise. The rejection of significant proposals by the Muthukumaran board of trustees is accordingly in accordance with the general professional globalization pattern in the Tamil Nadu economy overall. Current instruction framework Why is India still a creating nation and what is preventing it from being a created nation? India’s instruction framework as a hindrance towards its targets of accomplishing comprehensive development. India is going to encounter a mystery of almost 90 million individuals joining the workforce yet the majority of them will need requiste abilities and the outlook for productiveemployment as per a report in DNA. India has around 550 million individuals younger than 25 years out of which just 11% are taken a crack at tertiary organizations contrasted with the world normal of 23%. . I will be focussing on how the training system’s disappointment is prompting another social issue of salary disparity and thus, recommend certain strategies to improve India’s instruction framework and diminish imbalance. Issues and disadvantages The extremely basic part of Indian government funded instruction framework is its low quality. The genuine amount of tutoring that youngsters experience and the nature of instructing they get are incredibly deficient ingovernment schools. A typical element in all administration schools is the low quality of training, with feeble framework and lacking academic consideration. What the g

Term Paper Writing Guide to Follow Urgently!

Term Paper Writing Guide to Follow Urgently! How to Succeed in Writing a Term Paper Writing a college term paper is the most common assignment that accounts for a significant part of student’s grade. Term paper writing is a time-consuming task that requires preliminary research and many hours of writing, revising, rewriting and editing. If you were assigned to write a term paper, you should start working on it as early as possible because the procedure for writing a term paper is rather complicated and if you procrastinate, you should know that writing a term paper in one night is impossible. Term papers are assigned in different college classes to increase your knowledge and expertise in some specific topic of the course, to improve your analytical and writing skills, and to prepare your for a professional career after your graduation. Strong communication skills, especially written are crucial if you want to succeed in your future career path because writing is used in all jobs. Many students have never received a formal instruction on how to write a term paper so they find this task rather intimidating. To help you succeed in writing, we have made this step-by-step guide to writing a term paper. Although this guide suggests that there is a simple linear process to term paper writing, you should keep in mind that the actual writing process is often rather messy and recursive, so you should consider this outline as a flexible guide. Writing a Term Paper May Be Best Approached by Using… The writing process can be described in several steps in writing a term paper which you should follow especially if you are doing it for the first time. Choose your topic that you are interested in, and keep in mind the length of your term paper, the amount of time you have to complete it, your intended audience, and available resources. You should avoid topics that are too technical, specialized and that have very few available resources for research. Then, narrow your topic and make it manageable to write. Do the research which is the foundation of your term paper. You should find credible and the most up-to-date sources. Your sources should be also specific and expert. Make careful and complete notes of the sources you are going to cite in your term paper. State the thesis that you are going to support in your paper. Remember that the purpose of your term paper is to prove the validity of your thesis statement you so you should compose your thesis carefully because it is a key to a strong term paper. Prepare a working outline. Writing a term paper outline is vital because it gives order to the process of taking proper notes. A good outline is important because it lays out your term paper’s structure and ensures that it is logical and complete. A strong outline prevents you from getting off the track when you are writing your paper. When making an outline you should consider the proper format for writing term paper that includes three essential parts: introduction, main body, and conclusion. Start taking notes of your sources, writing the information in your own words. Make the final outline and divide each topic into several subtopics. You final outline should also reflect the organizational approach that you have chosen for your term paper. There are different ways to approach the term paper but the most common one is chronological. Write your first draft of a term paper. Concentrate on the content of your term paper and follow the outline that you have composed. Expand the ideas in your outline with necessary information from your notes. Revise your draft. When your first draft is ready, put it away for some days, and then reread it, improve your draft and rewrite as many times as you need to make sure that your term paper is perfect in content and style. Eliminate grammar and spelling errors. Write your final draft and include citation and bibliography, and a title page if needed. Make sure the final draft is formatted properly according to the requirements given by your instructor. Proofread your final draft and make sure there are no minor spelling and grammar errors and typos. If you want to get a high grade for your term paper, you must work hard for many hours and days to ensure that your term paper is well-written and perfect in content and style, has a perfect structure and proper format, and doesn’t contain even minor spelling and grammar mistakes or typos. Doing research and writing a term paper require a lot of time and effort so we hope that this term paper writing guide will help you organize your work properly. But if you face any problem with academic writing, don’t hesitate to get an expert help on our custom paper writing service. Our experienced professional writers can help you cope with any problem you may encounter at any stage of the writing process.

Importance Of Organisational Behaviour Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2216 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction In the current context there are more competitive for the business. Many companies are producing same items to the market with different trademark. They are running their business with a vision. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Of Organisational Behaviour Business Essay" essay for you Create order For successful vision achievement they have to achieve their goals. So they are in a position to run their organization better than their competitors. So for the successful organisational environment, they have to satisfy their employees. In the present context, when you are working in the organisation, you may think is this the right organisation for you? In my point the many answers will be No. The main reason for this answer Managers have lack of knowledge about how to manage organisational behaviour. Due to this less knowledge, managers straggling to handle employees problems in a proper way and they are not guiding the employees in a line to achieving organisations goal. Because of this many qualified employees are trying to find a job in other organization where having a high-quality management. If qualified employees leave the organisation, organisations goal achievement result will be negative. So the managers should have jam-packed knowledge about organisational behaviour . In this point you will think what is organisational behaviour? There are many definitions for this but simply can say, for a act getting different responds from different people and the way of reaction between two people in the office situation. So good manager will observe this and he could identify that who is proficient and who wants to get more knowledge. If the employee satisfied with his job, they will be more productive and their respond also will be satisfied. For example, if manager employed who is a young, shy and softly spoken girl, manager cannot put her in the role of marketing. Instead, manager can place her in a low stress position that would suit her nature. So the organisational behaviour is not just about keeping employees happy. It is about placing staff in a position that suits their personality and experience as well as helping employees to nurture in a way that they become more of an asset to the business. Literature revive Organisational behaviour is an inevitable process in the organisations. The organisations goals are achieving by their managers, so they should run the organisation effectively. Here we are analysing some important organisational behaviours which knowledge helps to managers. In the organisational environment, all behaviours are interconnected. Manager has to identify the employees behaviour and he has to make the link with other behaviours to effectively run the organisation. For an example if a person who is working efficiently in the marketing field with an extraversion personality, we need to motivate him as well as we have to make a job satisfaction for him. So here personality, motivation and job satisfaction behaviours are interconnected. Here I am analysing some important organisational behaviour about what is behaviour? How these behaviours will help to the managers for decision making? What are the theories has to consider when decision making? Etc. So this will helps to t he managers who are having lack of knowledge about organisational behaviour. Organisational Behaviour importance of todays context Personality What is personality? Until now there is no any agreement on the exact meaning of personality. But there are many ways to describe the personality (i.e strong, weak or polite). My description about personality is The kind of ability which people having. All people they are not having equal mentality, person to person it will differ. So when manager while working with them, he/she can identify their personality and he/she can categorize them with Big Five personality traits. If manager assign a job to a person in inside the office who is having more extraversion, his all talents are shrinking inside the office and he/she wont get effective result from him. But if manager assign him as a marketing person, he/she will get more effective and efficient result from him. 3.2 Motivation Motivation is the process to encourage the employee to work effectively to achieve the organisational goal. Manager has to identify the system to motivate his/her employees. Without an appropriate technique manager cannot satisfy each and every employee. So initially manager has to identify the needs and based on that needs he/she can motivate the employee by provide incentives. There are many theories from many researchers to identify the needs. But Maslows hierarchy of need theory and Herzbergs two factor theories are mostly consider by decision makers. Motivational system can be identified by categorize the employees needs under these theories. For an example if an employee has a need for job security, manager can motivate him by giving long term contract, job related training programme etc. 3.3 Job Satisfaction What is job satisfaction? How manager can satisfy the employee? Simply can say that getting positive result from the one employees job appraisal or job experience, job satisfaction is one of the important attitude. In the job satisfaction many internal factors will influence like the work itself, Payment, Promotion opportunities, Supervision and Co-workers, but in the meanwhile some external factors also influencing. For an example one person is working in the developed area with all internal external facilities. But suddenly management has transferred him to the remote area with same job, where is no external facilities like his previous worked area (travelling facilities, good food etc). When they observed his performance after transfer, it was lesser than previous. So manager has to take action to enhance satisfaction for an example Make jobs more fun, have fair pay, design jobs to make them satisfying and providing office transportation or allowance. Leadership As we discussed earlier, the different personalities are working in organization. There should have monitoring and controlling between staff, so they need a proper leadership. How manager can find correct leadership? What kind of characteristics he/she should have? This type of questions will arise before assign the leader. There are many definitions for leadership. According to Useem, leadership is a matter of making a difference. It entails changing an organisation and making active choices among plausible alternatives, and depends on the development of others and mobilising them to get the job done. Manager can ask a question why managers cant be a leader? As per Watsons 7-S organizational framework he suggests that whereas managers tend towards reliance on strategy, structure, and systems, leaders have an inherent inclination for utilisation of the soft Ss of style, staff, skills, and shared goals. Also manager can see the different characteristic between Manager and Leader as follows. Manager Leader Administers Innovates A copy An original Maintains Develops Focus on systems and structure Focuses on people Relies on control Inspires trust Short-range view Long-range perspective Asks how and when Asks what and why Eye on the bottom line Eye on the horizon Imitates Originates Accepts the status quo Challenges the status quo Classic good soldier Own person Does things right Does the right things When manager intend to recruit or position a leader, he/she should identify above characteristic from that employee. Leadership style There are different styles are following by leaders among their group. Autocratic This style is dominating the staff by his decision. Democratic This style is making decision among consult with others. Laissez-Faire This style is following the systems as it is. It will helps to the managers to identify the correct leader style to the appropriate group. Group Behaviour Group behaviour is two or more individuals, interrelating and co-dependent, who have come together to achieve particular goals. Group behaviour starts from the beginnings that contribute to the groups efficiencies. So manager should know why group behaviour is important? How groups are working? How to develop the groups? What are the characteristics groups should have? While working in the group, employee can reduce the insecurity of standing alone, recognition and status will be provided by others to the group members, possibilities are in the group for achievement which could not achieve as an individual, goal achievement period will be less. Group development Forming : characterized by uncertainly. Storming : characterized by intergroup Norming : characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness Performing : when is fully functional Adjourning : This presents the end of the group, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. Based on above structure if manager form the group, the behaviour of the group will be efficacy for organisations goal achievement. Training Development Manager is the responsible person to get more work from employees. From the above examples he/she can come across that someone capable someone incapable to handle specific job. So manager has to make everyone as capable workers. What is training programme? How can do this? What are the better ways to conducting training programmes to staff? This type of questions will arise from manager. There are many definitions for training. Steinmez said Training is a short-term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which non-managerial personnel learn technical knowledge and skill and David de Cenzo and S.P. Robbins said Training involves changing of skills, knowledge, attitude or social behaviour (Nirmal Singh, HRM, p404). Before go for a training, manager has to identify the lacking part of employee. There are certain steps to discover the training needs Analysing Jobs and Men: if the men are less capable to perform the particular jobs they can be given training to increase their skills. Collecting Employees and Managerial Opinions: The training section may either by interviews or questionnaires obtain views of different people regarding necessary and desirable training programmes. Anticipating Requirements of Different Jobs: As a manager, you can forecast earlier the manpower requirement on the basis of long-term plans such as business expansion, new technology etc. Training may be given to the existing employees to enable them to meet the requirements of new jobs in the future. Once manager identify the needs, he/she has to plan the training methods. The training programmes should conducted by well trained trainers. Development is the process of transition of an employee from a lower level of ability, skill and knowledge to that of higher level. This transition is influenced by education, training, work experience and environment. Developments are mostly considered for the managerial level staff. Change Management In every organisation change is inevitable and unavoidable. The organisation which fails to change is sure to fail, because change is required to maintain stability to some extent in the functioning of organisation. The managers always keen on these changes. There are two main forces will involve in changes. Internal forces: These forces may either be derived from the change in external environment or may be because of management induced forces. Internal forces mainly include the following: Top management and its philosophy and corporate policy. Retirement, promotion, resignation and transfer of key functionaries of the organisation. Change is the perception, attitude, feelings, beliefs and expectations of the employees working in the organisation. Change is internal environment of the organisation. External forces: These forces include all factors of external environment which directly or indirectly affect the functioning of an organisation. Some of them are as u nder. Socio Culture: Education, population dynamics, rate of urbanisation, social traditions and customs will force the organisation for changes. Economic: It will includes the demand, competition, price mechanism, buying capacity, distribution of income, cost and quality and availability of various resources. Political and Legal: In the political level major opposition party, political stability, morality and values will force the organisation. Technology: In the technology level new techniques of production, innovation of new process etc. Will force the organisation. Work environment: in this environment customer loyalty, supplier regularity, community attitude and recognition of society will force the organisation Once manager identified the factors for changes, he/she should plan to make changes. There are few steps to be followed to make changes. Step 1 Preparing for changeÂÂ  (Preparation, assessment and strategy development) Step 2 Managing chan geÂÂ  (Detailed planning and change management implementation) Reinforcing change Collect and analyze feedback Diagnose gaps and manage resistance Implement corrective actions and celebrate successes Preparing for change Identify change management Strategy Arrange change management Team Develop sponsorship model Managing change Develop change management plan Implement plansStep 3 Reinforcing changeÂÂ  (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition) Conclusion. Above organisational behaviour analysis exposed that how organisational behaviours knowledge is very important to manage the organisation. Each and every behaviours are important because they are inter-connected with each one. If group behaviours are not satisfied, they can go for a training programme. As well as if Leadership style changed, we can identify the lacking part for change and based on that can be motivated or making job satisfaction. Like this all behaviours are linked with other. So when organisation is planned to place a manager, they need to test their behaviour knowledge. So I hope that above my analysis will help to the managers, who are having poor knowledge about organisational behaviour. 5. References https://www.flatworldknowledge.com/node/34687#web-34687 https://www.pateo.com/article6.html https://cgda.nic.in/rt/rtcblr/website/Training%20Material/H%20R%20D/Motivation.htm https://www.coaching-for-new-women-managers.com/job-satisfaction.html https://blueprivate.wordpress.com/2010/05/03/group-behaviour-model-pic/ https://www.management-hub.com/change-management.html https://www.change-management.com/tutorial-change-process-detailed.htm https://www.ehow.com/how_2076444_identify-employee-training-needs.html#ixzz1BXP7leoM

Examine and compare the ways in which Pat Barker in...

Examine and compare the ways in which Pat Barker in Regeneration and Wilfred Owen in his poetry explore the nature of life in the trenches. Pat Barker and Wilfred Owen are both successful writers in delivering an insight into trench life from the perspective of a soldier, although in different ways. Owen, being a soldier himself, has had first hand experience of trench life and describes the pity of war, in that war is a waste of young, innocent lives, and the bitterness of the soldiers towards the people who do not have to fight. Whereas Barker recreates trench life through the nightmares, hallucinations and memories of the soldiers. Despite the fact that Barker is a modern woman writer she still manages to write a realistic†¦show more content†¦Owen describes how the waiting for the inevitable keeps the soldiers awake as the night is silent and this is worse than the noise of activity. All these soldiers have to do is wait and wonder what are we doing here? But nothing happens. In the sixth stanza Owen refers to the ghosts drag home almost suggesting that the soldiers are alone, not even their spirits can survive the emptiness of the trenches. To begin with, the images in the poem appear to contrast with those in Regeneration as we see Sassoon looking forward to sleeping in clean whit sheets, although we realise that he feels guilty that he can enjoy this luxury and his comrades cannot. He says to Graves as he is seeing him off at the station Dottyville is almost bearable knowing you dont have to be vomited on, this gives us an insight into the physical well being of some of the soldiers. After Graves has gone Sassoon hates everybody, giggling girls, portly middle-aged men, women whose eyes settled on his wound stripe like flies indicating his bitterness towards anybody that didnt have to fight and especially towards people who appeared to have done well out of the war. This is the same attitude displayed towards shirkers and pacifists. In regeneration when Mr. Prior comes to Craiglockhart and find Billy unable to speak, he is convinced that his speech comes when its convenient and goes when it isntShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesIncident 1 Leadership Mettle Forged in Battle 400 Case Incident 2 Leadership Factories 400 13 Power and Politics 411 A Definition of Power 412 Contrasting Leadership and Power 413 Bases of Power 414 Formal Power 414 †¢ Personal Power 415 †¢ Which Bases of Power Are Most Effective? 416 †¢ Power and Perceived Justice 416 Dependence: The Key to Power 416 The General Dependence Postulate 416 †¢ What Creates Dependence? 417 Power Tactics 418 Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power in the Workplace 421 Politics:

Her Rebellious Actions Brought Excellence Mary Church...

Her Rebellious Actions Brought Excellence: Mary Church Terrell After World War II, the fight to end institutionalized racism in America increased. Racial segregation was found at restaurants, theaters, and other public places. Aside from racial segregation, women weren’t allowed to vote. These issues that occurred during the Reconstruction era acted as catalysts for many African Americans to stand up for their values. Among various civil rights activists, Mary Church Terrell was an early advocate for civil rights and suffrage movements. Mary Church Terrell may not have been the president or the government, but she was a teacher, a writer, and a fundamental citizen who compassionately protected the rights of her people. Terrell was born and exposed in the time period of the Civil War. Although her father was a millionaire, it was controversial to be none other than black during this era. Upon growing up, she was heavily exposed to the harsh environment which shaped her perspective on civil rights. At the age of six, Terrell moved to Ohio w here she attended white schools until she graduated from college. Always surrounded by students who did not share the same race as her, she was often victimized and suffered a lot of difficulties. Moreover, she was a target of discrimination in spite of her socioeconomic status. What s notable about Terrell is her sensitivity to racism. Terrell had always been quick to stand up for her race, and she was not afraid to refuse

Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy. Answer: Introduction: Acute kidney injury is an illness that is depicted by sudden loss of the ability of the kidney to filter out waste from the body. This condition is characterized by compiled end products that consist of urea and creatinine. The patient had been diagnosed to have a low urine output, increased metabolic acids in the body and having high levels of phosphorus and potassium in the system (Bagshaw, 2009). The physical assessment included evaluation of fluid status that depicted the final information from the albumin and saline reaction that gave the comparison in saline that was isotonic- reaction of four percent albumin in the patient and 0.9% of normal saline, signs of acute and chronic heart failure, infections present and drug history of the drugs recently used. Recent blood transfusion, if the patient had undergone any surgical procedure, the patient had lost weight and he was dehydrated. The blood pressure of the patient had also decreased significantly over two weeks period. The patient also depicted blueish finger tips, and had swellings in the lower back (Uchino, 2007). Acute kidney failure is commonly caused by a variety of causes. It can occur if the patient has a condition that reduces the pace of blood flow in the body, if the kidneys are damaged and if the ureters are clogged and thus hampering the release of waste from the body. Blood flow in the body can be hampered by reduced blood in the body, failure of the liver, if one is severely dehydrated, if one has used medications such as naproxen, heart attack and infections of the heart. The kidneys can be damaged if there are clots of blood in the body, kidney blockage due to high levels of cholesterol in the body, swelling of the kidneys, utilization of chemotherapy drugs, indulgence in alcohol consumption and inflammation of the blood vessels (Waikar, 2009). Clinical priorities that are important to patients suffering from acute kidney injury include rehydration this implies that the patients blood pressure is less than a hundred mmHg and they should be administered with a bolus of 250ml of crystalloid. They can also be checked to see if their ureters are blocked. The patients should also cease utilization of nephrotoxic medications. Urinalysis should also be performed on the patient and intensify as per the medication policies (Tumlin, 2008). The goals of the patient were: he wanted to heal quickly so that he could fend for his family, the patient desired that he could regain his lost weight and he desired to have his normal finger tips without the bluish appearance. Interventions performed on the patient were: controlling his blood sugar, he was rehydrated too so that the fluid levels in the body could increase. Nursing care that the patient received included administering of excessive fluids, reduction of the risk of unconventional nutritional guide, reduction of the chances of being infected, impacting of the patient with the relevant knowledge about the disease and reduction of the risk of having a cardiac arrest. Medical intervention provided included the rectification of the high acid with administration of a bicarbonate and rectification of defects of hematologic properties anemia. References Bagshaw SM, Uchino S, Bellomo R, et al. Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Investigators.. J Crit Care2009 Uchino S, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, and the Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney). Int J Artif Organs Tumlin J, Wali R, Williams W, et al. Effi cacy and safety of renal tubule cell therapy for acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 Golestaneh L, Melamed DL, Hostetter TH. Uremic memory: the role of acute kidney injury in long-term outcomes. Kidney Int 2009

Technologys Effect on the Acquisition of Knowledg Essay Example For Students

Technologys Effect on the Acquisition of Knowledg Essay eFor a class called Theory of Knowledge. As I walked into my younger brothers elementary school one day to pick him up, I was confronted with a flurry of sounds; it was nothing new, this was just the first time that I noticed it. All I heard was the buzzing of computers, the ringing or phones and the humming of printers. The same at my school, my parents workplaces, and nearly every other public place, as well as some private places. Then I began to wonder if all of these technological advances really help, or rather hinder, how we gather information from the world around us. We will write a custom essay on Technologys Effect on the Acquisition of Knowledg specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Do these smaller and faster computers, these increasingly tiny cellular phones, or any of these other recent technological inventions really expand the acquisition of knowledge? Or are we just moving backwards?First of all, I think that we need to define technology. My definition, as well as the definition that I will use to determine whether something is technology, is any device that makes life easier for the people who possess and use it. One of the most obvious ways is that now it is a lot easier to access knowledge. You can research any topic and access statistics and primary documents. You have got the world at your fingertips. I, as an International Baccalaureate student, cannot imagine writing papers or researching any issue without access to the Internet. Another example of technology that helps most people is the calculator. I cannot even imagine trying to do Calculus homework without its help. With the aid of the calculator, you need not look up or calculate by hand values such as logarithm, sine or cosineit is just beyond me how they did complicated math like that before everyone had calculators. Another advantage is that, if you have Internet access at home, you have access to seemingly endless information twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week; anytime you want to learn something about any theme, you can. Even devices such as overhead projectors and loudspeakers make access to knowledge easier. Also, as technology progresses, computers get more affordable, along with other learning tools, thus they become available to more people. There is also more information. Examples include movies, photos, audio devices and other entertainment that was not available before. There is also more scientific equipment that allows us to collect more information about the world such as the transition electron microscope, which allows us to examine the inside of cells, and the technology that allows us to carbon date fossils and such. Technology also makes learning a lot more fun. Computer programs such as Word Muncher and Number Muncher help children with vocabulary and math skills, telling them a certain kind or word to eat or gives them a word such as prime and they must find and eat all prime numbers before they get eaten by these little monsters. I learned a lot from these programs, and I see my little brother, who is in second grade, doing the same. He also likes to play a game called Pre-Kindergarten which gives him a colorful certificate if he does well. A program provides visually stimulating colors and rousing sounds that flashcards and textbooks cannot. They allow children to learn things about a variety to topics while captivating them, which can be hard to do. I, personally, have seen my brother greatly benefit from these programs. He also loves to watch movies and television programs that show Barney and Thomas the Train solving the math problem or inserting the missing letter into words. He plays those games and watches those programs for hours on end. .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c , .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .postImageUrl , .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c , .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c:hover , .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c:visited , .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c:active { border:0!important; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c:active , .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue921a9f47182158a416a013d1ffcde8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: For International Baccalaureate Language Essay I way I know these effects through perception and emotion. I perceive the way that my brother has benefited from using technology; he is learning without knowing it and while having fun. I am pleased that I have access to computers and other technological devices that have helped me through school and through life.However, on the other hand, technology can sometimes limit the acquisition of knowledge. Einstein once said, It has become increasingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity. Because of technology there is, for

Ziggurat at Ur, c. 2100 B.C. essays

Ziggurat at Ur, c. 2100 B.C. essays Ziggurats are a form of ancient temple common to the Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians. A Ziggurat is a huge platform with a series of smaller platforms on top. They look like a stepped pyramid with stairs leading to the summit where there was a small temple. Each ziggurat was dedicated to the city's most important god or goddess. Ziggurats are like a mud-brick mountain fit for the gods. Around 2100 B.C. king Ur-Nammu built a ziggurat in honor of the God Sin. It was called Etemennigur, which meant a house whose foundation creates terror. It was built in Ur, south of Iraq and has been visible on the flat Mesopotamian plain for thousands of years. The ziggurat was built from small mud bricks that were locally produced. The mud bricks were made out of mud and reed; the reed was pressed into moulds that had been left to dry in the sun. Each brick measured around 25 x 16 x 7 centimeters and weighed around 4.5 kilograms. The core of the ziggurat at Ur was constructed using mud bricks which were then covered with baked bricks. The baked bricks, which measured about 30 x 30 x 7 cm and weighed up to 15 kg, they were made out of clay pressed into moulds. The bricks were left to dry and were then baked in a mud oven using dry twigs which were set on fire. This made the bricks water resistant. The first stage of the ziggurat was built using around 7,000,000 mud bricks And 720,000 baked bricks. On top of every sixth layer of bricks, reed matting was placed in a criss-cross manner. Sandy soil was also placed with the layer of reeds. Most of the bricks were stamped with the name and title of King Ur-Nammu. The base of the temple was either square or rectangular, and the most common size for it was either 50x50 or 40x50 meters. From the base, new steps were added, until the ziggurat was topped by a small sanctuary. All walls were sloping, and all horizontal lines ...

Equal Rigths Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equal Rigths Amendment - Essay Example Gender based discrimination could also be observed in other social aspects. It was also seen screaming on the political front where women weren’t allowed to cast a vote and participate in the formulation of a democratic government. In the mid-nineteenth century, feminists(Gill)were the first to start the movement for the abolition of inequality from society. In this regard first planned meeting was arranged by the Women’s Rights Convention under the supervision of Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Lucretia Mott in Seneca Falls(Neale). This meeting was 2 days long and approximately 300 men and women participated.During the course of discussions, Alice Paul introduced the Equal Rights Amendment as(Francis): â€Å"If we keep on this way they will be celebrating the 150th anniversary of the 1848 convention without being much further advanced in equal rights than we are†¦. If we had not concentrated on the Federal Amendment we should be working today for suffrage†¦. We shall not be safe until the principle of equal rights is written into the framework of our government.† The purpose of this meeting was to raise a voice against injustice suffered by women in the male oriented society, which mercilessly made them a victim of ridicule and disrespect. Congress was later informed about the meeting and a request was put forward that asked for the ratification of equal rights for both men and women, and inclusion of this clause in the constitution. This effort received strong opposition from men, as well as a few women, who were against the notion of women standing at equal footing with men. In fourteenth amendment of the constitution, congress appalled all the workers of feminist movement by paying heed to their endless requests and introducing the equality clause in the constitution. According to the amendment, all the citizens of U.S have the equal rights. The word â€Å"male† was introduced for the first time in the constitution while ta lking about the electorate rights that still granted the voting ability to only the men of the country. Susan did not accept the exemption of women from the right to vote and therefore went to cast vote in presidential elections. As a result of this act, she was fine, arrested and convicted with this apparent crime. When this case was taken to the Supreme Court, it was decided that although women were very much citizens of the country, it was not necessary for every citizen to have the right to vote. Fourteenth amendment could not suppress this effort and the campaign for human rights continued for many years thereafter. Stanton, Susan, and Sojourner also fought to abolish slavery and demanded equal rights for the slaves. Stanton and Frederick made many impassioned speeches, urging the authorities to grant females the right to cast a vote in their country. This resulted in the Amendment of suffrage which was introduced in the constitution and supported women’s right to vote. Just after three years of the ratification of suffrage amendment, National Women’s Party forwarded an equal rights amendment to the Congress, which was ratified for years in every part of the country since 1923. This document has passed through different phases and was amended a number of times and finally got placed in the national constitution in much modified form. It was incorporated officially into the

Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Philosophy - Essay Example Many people have questioned whether the government, with all its laws and regulations, is justified to rule the people. What right does the government have to demand that its people obey? Why should an individual obey the state in the first place? These are just a few of philosophical queries being asked. Nonetheless, a majority of the responds stress the need for an orderly process and protection as the justification for obedience to the government. Some have highlighted the need to promote cultural and spiritual aspects of the populace while others stress the need for economic well-being, which stands as the foundation for all values. This text looks into the answers given by John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. Mill concurs with Lock in vying for representational democracy; however, he is against the idea of natural rights (Pojman, 502). The struggle between Authority and Liberty has been ongoing for a long time particularly in the history of countries like Rome, Gre ece, and England. However, during such times, the contest was between the government and certain classes of subjects. Liberty meant protection against the dictatorship of political rulers. The rulers at the time obtained authority from conquest or inheritance. Therefore, most of them never held leadership at the pleasure of the citizens. Although their power was deemed necessary, it was regarded as highly dangerous. Some of the leaders would use authority as a strategic weapon against their adversaries or subjects (Pojman, 502). However, it reached a time when men stopped to believe that their governors should be independent. They deemed it fit that their leaders should be delegates or tenants revocable at their gratification. That way, they would have total security that the government authority will never take them for granted. Others still thought that there was a need to let their give responsibility to their leaders, where they can be removed if need be. This idea was common am ongst the last liberal European generation (Pojman, 504). However, in time, a democratic republic came into place as an elective and responsible government was ushered into place. The will of the people meant the will of the many. According to Mill, the only instance where power can be exercised in the right manner is when used on any civilized member of a community to prevent harm against others, against his will (Pojman, 505). However, this is not about minors in the society. Freedom should only be extended towards the pursuance of our own good in a specific way, so long as no other person gets hurt. A person who hurts others should be punished by law, in a situation where legal penalties cannot be safely applied. A person can also be compelled to do acts that would be of benefit to the rest of the society, for instance, to give evidence in a court of law, saving another human being’s life, or protect the defenseless. The society, in this case, will hold responsible the ind ividual should he fail to do the act. In this regard, a person can cause harm to others, not necessarily by doing wrong, but by refusing to do the right thing. Mill further argues that people should not have the right to coerce the government into doing something; such power in itself is illicit (Pojman, 507). It is even more noxious for a government to exert power as a result of public opinion. Basically, Mill promotes the idea that the principle of liberty is only justifiable by utilitarian reflections. 3. The Communist Answer according to Carl Max Karl Max played an instrumental role in the dawn of the Marxist movement. According to him, all cultural values, including all the laws and ideal, of a society are at all times the reflection of the rulers. History has always painted a picture of struggles between the classes (Pojman, 510). During the past periods of history, there has been an intricate arrangement of the society into different social orders, a diverse

Urbanization: An analysis

Urbanization: An analysis 2.1 Urbanization 2.1.1 Current discourse in urbanization concept Urbanization is growing in most part of the world in line with technological discovery and human civilization. The rapid urbanization began at England’s industrial capitalism (Clark, 1998) at the end of 18th century and it spread rapidly after the use of coal for the industry primary raw material and a better transportation system (Hall, 1994). In developing world, urbanization started in 1950 after the Second World War (Crenshaw, 1991) and it is growing everywhere now especially in Africa and Asia. United Nation’s report indicated that by 2050, most population will be concentrated in cities and towns of developing countries. By this year, if Africa and Asia continue their current rapid growths, 50 percent of the population will live in urban areas and in 2010 it is predicted that the urban population is higher than the rural one (figure 2.1) Figure 2.1 Urban and rural population of the world, 1950 2030 (Source: Junaidi, 2006) There are four existing definitions for urbanization concept that mostly be the attention of urban planners. First, urbanization is seen as a process in which there have occurred transferring ideas and practices from urban areas into surrounding hinterlands. Second, urbanization is viewed as the increase both in behavior and problems considered to be urban types of rural area. The third, urbanization is related with the process of population concentration in which it is found the increasing ratio of the urban population to the total population (Phren. K. P, 1962) and the fourth, urbanization is seen as the combination of densification or the increase of density of people and building unit and the outward spread of people and built areas (Forman, T. www.cambridge.org). However, all of these definitions are interelated that all the urban planner needs to consider them in urban planning process integratedly. There are many related concepts involved from these in defining urbanization definition. From economic point of view, urbanization tend to connect it with labor division; demography related with density and population size, sociologic regarding to the way of living, and the last is geography from characteristics of the built up environment (Crenshaw, 1991). However, most analysts agree that demography is the basic criterion in differentiate urban and rural area (Clark, 1998, White, 1994, UNECA, 1968) because the population growth, including population density change, are the most quantified way to see the growth of an area. The most common example is United Nation that also uses the population size to standardize the urban localities and city among the nations. Mostly literatures argue that the driving force for urbanization is economic reason (Clark, 1998; Crenshaw, 1991, Jeremias, 1988), but there is a difference in the background of which. In developed world, rapid urbanization occurred because of industrial revolution, capitalism, and the invention of technology and a better transportation system while in developing countries, urbanization tend to occur because of economic imperial. The developing countries’ cities were previously prepared for supporting the economic interest of the powerful regime to earn money, to expand and control foreign trade, to create new markets for products and to acquire raw materials and cheap labor (Crenshaw, 1991). Many specific reasons for the driving force of urbanization and the traditional literature categorized them as push and pull factors. The push factor occurred because of the pressure of poverty problem and environment degradation in rural area. The poverty occurs because of limited job opportunities, limited land for agriculture and other natural resources limitation. The pull factor is related to the attraction of urban area for a better life. It is often related to a wider job opportunity, higher economic growth, better services and modern facilities (Baiquni, 2004). From this pull and push factors, it could be seen the disparities between urban and rural area are the main reason making more and more population concentrated in urban area. 2.1.2 Urbanization determinant The proximate determinants of urban growth can be grouped into three categories: firstly, the total population; secondly, rapid economic growth; and the third, percentage of built up area and areal extend (White, 1994). Population size The more population size of an area, the more urbanized it will be and it is positively related to the growth of urbanization (Rogers, 1982). The increasing of population size is caused by both migration and mortality. Migration flows occur because of employment availability in nearby cities and towns, ethnic connections in particular cities, the roads development and the accessibility of transportation (Connell et al, 1976). Some researches stated that the economic imbalance resulting wage disparities in urban and rural is a major reason for high levels of rural-to-urban migration. The size of population in urban area will be in line with the needs of water for these urban dwellers. Economic growth It appears that rapid economic growth related to urbanization (Becker Morrison 1988, Preston, 1979) that the urbanization level of an area can be marks by its rapid economic growth. Mostly in urban area people do not work in agriculture sector as in rural area, but in service and manufacture. The manufacture developments in urban area have triggered the employment opportunities for rural people to come, and a higher wage offered by manufacture sectors compared to the agriculture ones results in a better economic condition and quality of life. The quality of life will also influence to the water consumption quantity and quality. Percentage of built up area The urban characteristic can be seen from the density of people and the increase of building units. The sign is can be seen from the reduction of green spaces or the changing from low to high-rise apartment buildings. Other sign of urbanization is the city grows by expanding outward. Cities may also urbanize by rolling over suburbs, and suburbs urbanize by rolling over farmland or natural land (Crenshaw, 1991). The changing of landsape by built up environment will be related with the number of recharge area and wastewater quantity that will influence the groundwater. 2.2. Groundwater system on earth Groundwater constitutes about 98 percent of water on earth and both its storage and flow is one of the key elements of natural water systems (Foster, S, 1998). This fact makes groundwater an essential element to human life and economic activities. The details about groundwater hydrology are beyond the scope of this discussion, but a general overview will be presented. Figure 2.2. Hydrology Cycle Source: http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/final/graphics/images/SciStratFig5-1.jpg Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and including one component of the earth’s water cycle. The water cycle is called the hydrologic cycle and it involves the movement of water as rain, snow, water vapor, surface water and groundwater. The earth’s water is constantly circulating from the earth’s surface up into the atmosphere and back down again as precipitation. When rain falls, a part of it infiltrates the soil. A proportion of this water will be taken up by plants while some will infiltrate more deeply, accumulate above an impermeable bed, saturate the pore space of the ground, and finally form an underground reservoir. This underground reservoir is called an aquifer, a place from which significant quantities of water can be abstracted for human needs. An aquifers productivity to store and transmit water are not the same, it depends on the fundamental characteristic of its constitute. Some of which are granular sediment such as sand, cement sediment such as sandstone and limestone, rock and fracture rock. The ground above an aquifer through is called the vadose zone; it is where the excess rainfall passed vertically. The level to which the ground is fully saturated is known as the water table. The nature, the occurrence of groundwater and the movement of water trough groundwater system is shown in the figure 2.2. 2.3 Urbanization and groundwater resources 2.3.1 Current Discourse Urbanization has been recognized as a trigger of social and environmental problems (Dogan Kasarda 1988, Timberlake 1985). The rapid expansion in groundwater exploitation of many industrialized nations occurred during 1950–1975 while in in most parts of the developing world it occurred during 1970–1990 (Zektser Margat 2003). The groundwater is estimated to provide at least globally 50% of current potable water supplies; 40% of the demand from industries, and 20% for water use in irrigated agriculture (Foster, 1998). These proportions vary widely from country to country and within countries depending on human activities on it. The groundwater is generally the main water resource to be tapped for urban dweller needs if a city has productive aquifers (Minciardi, 2007; Somma. 1997; Hiscock, 2002). This is because the groundwater has an excellent natural quality with significant savings in treatment costs compared to other surface water source. Other reason is because groundwater is a more secure source of water supply during long dry periods compared to the surface water resources (Clark, 1998, Ohgaki, 2007). Groundwater is also a suitable for public supply and independent private use, especially during the early stages of development (Foster, 1998). Two common methods for urban aquifer exploitation are by hand-dug wells and drilled boreholes (Foster, 1998). Hand-dug wells are usually less than 20 meters depth with diameters of 1 meter or more. In this method, the water is usually abstracted manually or by small pumps. The water supply boreholes are mechanically drilled, usually having smaller diameter than hand-dug wells, but much deeper ranging from 20 to 200 meters or more in depth. These two methods if developed in uncontrolled manner will cause groundwater depletion as it has occurred in many urban cities over the world (Ohgaki, 2007; Minciardi, 2006; Foster.S.S.D, 2001). 2.3.2 Urbanization impact to groundwater resources It has been identified that urbanization results in aquifer depletion, saline intrusion, and land subsidence, changing patterns and rates of aquifer recharge and affecting the quality and quantity of groundwater (Foster, 1998, White, 1994, Ohgaki, 2007, Minciardi, 2006). In this discussion the overall focus will be on the depletion of groundwater quantity related urbanization. Figure 2.2. Urban development and its impact to water resources Source: (Foster, 1998) From the figure above, it could be seen the urban development and its impact on the changing of urban groundwater. In the beginning, all cities evolve from small settlements; formal or informal. In this stage, the city dwellers can abstract groundwater using shallow well and boreholes as the groundwater is still abundant. As the infrastructure for wastewater either has not been adequate yet or less than the population needs, the wastewater starts discharging to the ground and starts to pollute the groundwater supply. When the town becomes city, the need of water supply is getting higher resulting from rapid urban population growth in contrast with the decline of groundwater supply. As the result, the well is deepened and there has been occurrence of land subsidence because of more urban dwellers do this deepening. The wastewater is still continuing to pollute the groundwater. The city then expands in line with the urbanization trend resulting to more water needed, more contaminant enters groundwater system and water table rises beneath the city. The urban dwellers start abandons their groundwater resources while the groundwater exploitation of hinterlands area as the alternate sources are getting higher. Because of the storage capacities of most aquifers are large, there is often a major time lag before the problems of groundwater depletion, water table rise and groundwater pollution becomes fully apparent (Foster, 1998). Further, there is increasing water supply scarcity with higher marginal costs for urban water supply. At the end, the traditional use groundwater that is low cost, minimally treated, and abundant for public water supply in urban areas is being threatened. Groundwater depletion The abstraction of groundwater has proved to be the cause of a qualitative decline in water levels. If abstraction is limited, the water level will be stabile at a new equilibrium. However, if occurs either a heavy or and concentrated groundwater withdrawal until it exceeds the local recharge, the water level may continue to decline over many years. As the result, there will be spreading of depress water level, land subsidence, water quality deterioration, sea water intrusion, up-coning and induced leakage of polluted water from the surface (Foster, 1998; Wangsaatmaja, 2006; Braadbaart, 1997) Mostly the problems and causes of aquifer depletion and contamination are clear while immediate solutions are not. General solutions involve some combination of increased recharge rate, reduced consumption rate, efficiency gains, and reduced or eliminated contaminant sources (Vo, 2007, Venkatesh Dutta, Foster.S.S.D, 2001). For example, reducing the velocity of runoff and providing time for recharge could enhance groundwater supplies significantly and at the same time reduce land-based sources of pollution to receiving waters. Land subsidence Land subsidence occurs for a variety reasons, but natural and manmade groundwater abstraction is one of the most contributor to this condition. The remedying efforts of the land subsidence impact involve a high economic cost (Foster, 1998). It is because differential subsidence damages roads, buildings, and other surface structures and it can seriously disrupt underground services such as water mains and water pipelines, sewers, cable conduits, tunnels, and subsurface tanks. In cities located on flat topography, subsidence can disrupt the drainage pattern of rivers and canals and can increase the risk of flooding. The land subsidence effects can be more serious in coastal areas because it can increase the risk of inundation (Hiscock, 2002). Saline intrusion The uncontrolled aquifer exploitation will impact on saline intrusion and it is usually occurs in coastal area. When the groundwater levels fall, the water flow direction change occurs. For thin and alluvial aquifers, this condition results in the formation of wedge shaped pattern and but in the thicker ones, salinity inversions often occur with intrusion of sea water in near-surface aquifer and fresh groundwater in deeper area. Once salinity has diffused into the pore water, its elution will take decades or centuries. Induced pollution Uncontrolled exploitation has consequences to contaminate the deeper aquifer. This induced pollution is caused by inadequate well construction, vertical pumping-induced, and sewage. Some rapidly developing cities have provided mains sewerage and generate large volumes of wastewater but this wastewater is normally discharged untreated or with minimal treatment to surface watercourses. It especially occurs in more arid climates (Anderson, 1987). 2.4 Urbanization Impact on groundwater management policy Although groundwater is the source of drinking water for most people, it is often ignored and taken for granted in urban planning program. The problem was expressed this way by the US Water Council in 1980: â€Å"The role of groundwater in water supply often has been slightenend in the past, one reason being believed that groundwater couldnot be adeqately evaluated in terms of avalibility, chemical quality, economics, or injuctive supply with surface water resources. However, substantial progress in groundwater analitical capability in recent years has made the resources more amanable to rational planning and management operation† (US Water Council in Grigg, 1996) Urban groundwater problems evolve over many years or decades as the result of slow the respond to most groundwater problem. The groundwater depletion and pollution problem are usually solved in incremental way by abandoning the shallow wells and replacing them with deeper boreholes to the aquifer (Grigg, 1996). However, this approach may only provide a temporary solution and if the urban planners continue this method, the groundwater supply will be in more stress condition. Therefore, the more comprehensive and sustainable groundwater planning and management approaches are needed to be developed (Tellman). 2.4.1 Groundwater Management Many literatures define groundwater management differently. Some emphasizes on the technical aspect such as engineering and hydrology, some are the process of managing and some others are the combination of them. However, the common similarity is on their objective that groundwater management is prepared to ensure that groundwater resources are managed in a fair, equitable and sustainable manner (Hiscock, 2002; Ohgaki, 2007; Minciardi, 2006;Venkatesh Dutta). Groundwater management can be defined as a number of integrated actions related to both natural and managed of groundwater pumping and recharge to achieve the long-term sustainability. California government in 2003 DWR Bulletin 118 2003 defines groundwater management as a set of activities including the planned and coordinated monitoring, operation, and administration of a groundwater basin or portion of a groundwater basin with the goal for long term sustainability of the resource. As the result, the groundwater management involves a number of engineering disciplines including survey and monitoring, geological interpretation, hydrological assessments, hydrogeological modeling, chemical and geochemical assessments and optimization. Groundwater management also deals with a complex interaction between human society needs and physical environment and it presents a difficult problem of policy design (Foster.S.S.D, 2001; Somma, 1997). For example, aquifers are exploited by human decisions for sustaining their lives and overexploitation cannot always be defined in technical terms, but as a failure to design and implement adequate institutional arrangements to manage people who exploit the groundwater resource. Common pool resources have been typically utilized in an open-access framework because of the characteristics of groundwater resources (Somma, 1997). When no one owns the resources, the users do not have any obligation to conserve for the future, and as the result, self-interest of individual users leads them to overexploitation. Groundwater management is a debated issue with very few examples of effective action on groundwater resources. However there some approaches that several studies concluded them as a successful groundwater methods, for example, sustainable groundwater development and management in the overexploited regions is treated by combining artificial recharge to groundwater and rainwater harvesting; management of salinity ingress in coastal aquifers; conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater; water conservation by increasing water-use efficiency; regulation of groundwater development.. Further, there also innovative methods of recharging the groundwater and storing water in floodplain aquifers along the river banks to enhance the ultimate irrigation potential from groundwater. The following four steps are essential for most groundwater management cases. Firstly, there must be regular and accurate assessment of actual groundwater use in both rural and urban areas to correlate with recharge and extraction. Secondly, expansion should be strictly monitored. Thirdly, separation of feeders for domestic and agricultural power and the fourth, ways must be explored to empower and entrust the communities to manage the groundwater uses. Development of groundwater management is usually begun by an assessment of groundwater problems and management issues, a compilation of groundwater management tools, an identification of action to address issues and problems, selection of the management plan and a discussion of implementation aspects of the plan. Mostly, the suitable groundwater management approaches are identified at the local water agency level and directly resolved at the local level. However, the State also has role in providing technical and financial assistance to local agencies for their groundwater management efforts. The Department publishes a regulatory framework for groundwater management to ensure that the groundwater resources are maintained and used in an orderly, equitable, and sustainable manner. If groundwater management is obeyed and the problem cannot be directly resolved at the local agency level, there is usually an additional actions such as enactment by local governments or decisions by the cou rts. 2.4.2 Sustainable groundwater management Groundwater is an important source of clean drinking water in many areas because of its characteristics, but mostly a sustainable management has not yet been established for this resource. Natural water bodies have become the place for storing human activities products, such as wastewater and other industrial pollution, causing little natural water storage capacity left. The sustainable groundwater management needs to involve a larger management system including the development of alternative surface water supplies, reallocation among economic uses of water, and regulatory limits on abstraction. Like other water resources management and other environment issues, all elements of active aquifer management must involve stakeholder participation and whole basin analysis. It means that sustainable groundwater management should take place on various levels, starting from the localized borehole owner and user to the regional aquifer, basin and catchment area. At the end, the groundwater development will much depend on management principles applied by Local authorities, Government and Inter Governmental development planning and management strategies. By taking appropriate measure, sustainable groundwater management development can be built. In urban planning practice these measures tend to reduce sewer overflows, improve the quality of treatment plant effluent and prevent falling water tables in areas around towns, cities, and the hinterlands. 2.4.3 Major approaches in sustainable groundwater management The literature generally literatures found that the approaches for sustainable groundwater management are divided into spatial and a-spatial approaches as below. The most common similarity in these approaches is that one method cannot stand alone but must be integrated and connected with other disciplines and other sectors. Integrating sustainable groundwater in spatial planning and management a.1) The use of `Hydrological Design Principles This approach involves zoning related to the catchment planning approach, the location approach, and buffering approach. The `Hydrological Design Principles as a basis for making spatial planning decisions or design of land use patterns is the most common approaches for groundwater management. The Catchment Planning Approach objectives are both to adjust land uses or activities with environmental requirements in the catchment area or drainage basin and to prevent peak discharges. This is implemented by allocating land use profiles to each catchment area and by taking account to maintain or increase the catchment areas’ water storage capacity. The attention to be paid is to both water quality and quantity aspects, which are to be managed with the most important goal for achieving an ecological balance with the land use activities. The Location Approach’s aims are to order the various land uses and activities within each catchment area so that the affect occurs is as little as possible to each of them. In this approach, the land uses that have greater demands on water quality are located upstream of more polluting ones, while the more vulnerable uses is located in areas of groundwater seepages. The clean land use activities are placed in the infiltration areas. The Buffering Approach is used to give chance the land uses with incompatible environmental requirements to co-exist. A well-known example at the local level is the hydrological buffering of natural sites from surrounding agricultural land. This can be achieved through appropriate design and management measures that can be implement in a relatively easy and quick manner. a.2) Integrating land use activities, groundwater systems and the environment The approaches are by water storage, habitat creation and natural water treatment combined with new urban development. In many places where the abstraction of drinking water causes damage to nature, water may be abstracted elsewhere instead, for example is in the hinterlands of that area. In some cases, groundwater abstraction should be stopped regarding to riverbank filtration. Water from the river can be pumped into the ground under the banks and later abstracted when it has been sufficiently filtered by passing through the sand and clay in the sub-soil. Raising storage capacity in the river basin through habitat creation, landscaping and establishing outdoor recreation areas are also other approaches for this method. The groundwater system had double function for human life. a.3) Ensuring enough room for water: Catch water where it falls It is mostly done in the areas around the main rivers or flood prone area. It can be in line with habitat protection because the raising the water storage capacity by lowering the ground level of the river or moving back the dikes back offer opportunities for nature development. The widening ditches and raising the drainage level can increase the water storage capacity. As the result, more room for water and the rainwater can be infiltrated into the soil instead of being drained away as quickly as possible to the sewer. An advantageous effect of giving water more room is the greater opportunity it presents to make use of natural filtration and water purification processes. a.4) Controlling subsurface contaminants load and ensuring sufficient clean water Water pollution problems can be partially minimized or controlled by delineating source protection zones around major groundwater catchment areas. On the other hand, there are some related approaches such as firstly; appropriate planning provisions or mitigation measures to reduce contaminants load in particular areas, especially where aquifer is highly vulnerable. Secondly, to moderate the subsurface contamination to acceptable levels by considering the vulnerability of local aquifers to pollution, land use planning to reduce potential pollution sources. Thirdly by selecting controls over effluent discharges and other existing pollution sources and the fourth is by planning waste water treatment or landfill disposal sites regarding to groundwater interests and impacts. Integrating sustainable groundwater in a-spatial planning and management b.1) Institutional management To improve groundwater management, a strong institutional framework is prerequisite. Regarding to groundwater characteristics, an ideal institutional framework should to include legislation to provide clear definition of water use rights that is separate from land ownership. It could be implemented through granting of licenses and tax for groundwater exploitation in a specified manner. Other approach is by regulating and supervising the discharge of liquid effluents to the ground, the land disposal of solid-wastes, and other potentially polluting activities with a need legal consent or planning approval. Some literatures also presented about the behavior change and prospectus in groundwater that is believed can be last longer than the technical approaches. b.2) Demand side management Groundwater management not only requires adequate assessment of available resources and hydrogeology by understanding of interconnection between surface and groundwater system, but also actions required for proper resource allocation and prevention of the adverse effects of uncontrolled development of ground water resources for short and long term. One of the important strategies for this is a-spatial sustainable management of groundwater by regulating the groundwater development in critical areas using demand side approach. Management of demand means managing efficiency of water use, interaction among economic activities that is adjusted with water availability. In demand side management, socio economic dimension plays an important role that it also involves the managing the users of water and land. It is because the regulatory interventions in demand side management such as water rights and permits and economic tools of water pricing will not be successful if the different user groups are not fully involved. As the result, for achieving effective management of groundwater resources, there is a need to create awareness among the different water user groups and workout area specific plans for sustainable development. From among these two characteristics, it can be concluded that there are two emerging broad types of management approaches for groundwater. Firstly, approaches including tools such as power pricing, subsidies for efficient technologies, economic policies discouraging water intensive crops, etc. Secondly, approaches dealing with specific aquifers on the basis of command and control management through a resource regulator. Whichever approach is adopted, the development and management of these resources must be based on an adequate knowledge of a clear comprehensive situation of groundwater aquifer system and its replenishment. Contents CHAPTER II 1 URBANIZATION AND GROUNDWATER PLANNING 1 2.1 Urbanization 1 2.1.1 Current discourse in urbanization concept 1 2.1.2 Urbanization determinant 3 a) Population size 3b) Economic growth 3c) Percentage of built up area 42.2. Groundwater system on earth 4 2.3 Urbanization and groundwater resources 5 2.3.1 Current Discourse 52.3.2 Urbanization impact to groundwater resources 6a) Groundwater depletion 8b) Land subsidence 9c) Saline intrusion 9d) Induced pollution 92.4 Urbanization Impact on groundwater management policy 9 2.4.1 Groundwater Management 102.4.2 Sustainable groundwater management 122.4.3 Major approaches in sustainable groundwater management 12a) Integrating sustainable groundwater in spatial planning and management 13a.1) The use of `Hydrological Design Principles 13a.2) Integrating land use activities, groundwater systems and the environment 13a.3) Ensuring enough room for water: Catch water where it falls 14a.4) Controlling subsurface contaminants load and ensuring sufficient clean water 14b) Integrating sustainable groundwater in a-spatial planning and management 15b.1) Institutional management 15b.2) Demand side management 15

Medical Ethics :: essays research papers

Quaestiones Disputate #3) Whether it is ethical to keep a person alive if their quality of life is not good and will not improve. In such a case, what is the responsibility of the medical profession?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following argument will be made toward the negative, suggesting that it is intrinsically unethical to keep a person alive under certain circumstances The first issue to address is the sub-components of the Quaestione in order to better set the argument in motion as a proof. The Quaestione can be divided up into the following components [whether it is ethical to keep a person alive] , [if their quality of life is not good] , [and will not improve]. , [In such a case, what is the responsibility] , [of the medical profession].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first component is, in a general sense, unarguable. Standing alone, the statement of keeping someone alive bears a right to which every human is morally obliged to uphold. They key here is standing alone....Of course society’s code of conduct says that we must preserve life, but this can only be true to a sense until the next issue is incorporated - what if their life is not good?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is not good? If we take it from an Aristotelean point of view, we can see that Aristotle claimed that happiness or good living - being happy, healthy, prosperous, and flourishing - is the goal of human life and the basis of all ethical behavior. This eudaimonia that he begins to describe is an end, in a sense that that goal has been reached. If one can no longer reach this ultimate goal or end or is rendered unable to physically or mentally move oneself in that direction (after all, someone else can’t live your life for you to move you to happiness) their life is considered not good. A life rendered not good combined with our ethical obligation to keep someone alive, probably still not enough to grant the individual the ultimate end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now if you listen closely, this is where the turning point begins. Being a teleologist, Aristotle claims that every action is good only in so far that they achieve some good end. If life is not good, and we reach stage three where it will not improve, where is the action of keeping the individual alive reaching a good end. The life is not good, nor will it ever be good - so what is the good end that would result that would warrant this action to be a good action.